Introduction Lesson
Introductory PowerPoint
Lesson 1
Tennis Court Oath Excerpt:
BAILLY: I do not need to tell you in what a grievous situation the Assembly finds itself; I propose that we deliberate on what action to take under such tumultuous circumstances.
M. Mounier offers an opinion, seconded by Messieurs Target, Chapelier, and Barnave; he points out how strange it is that the hall of the Estates General should be occupied by armed men; that no other locale has been offered to the National Assembly; that its president was not forewarned by other means than letters from the Marquis de Brez? and the national representatives by public posters alone; that, finally, they were obliged to meet in the Tennis Court of Old Versailles street, so as not to interrupt their work; that wounded in their rights and heir dignity, warned of the intensity of intrigue and determination with which the king is pushed to disastrous measures, the representatives of the nation bind themselves to the public good and the interests of the fatherland with a solemn oath.
This proposal is approved by unanimous applause.
The Assembly quickly decrees the following:
The National Assembly, considering that it has been called to establish the constitution of the realm, to bring about the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; nothing may prevent it from continuing its deliberations in any place it is forced to establish itself; and, finally, the National Assembly exists wherever its members are gathered.
Decrees that all members of this assembly immediately take a solemn oath never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is established and fixed upon solid foundations; and that said oath having been sworn, all members and each one individually confirm this unwavering resolution with his signature.
Bailly: I demand that the secretaries and I swear the oath first; which they do immediately according to the following formula:
We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.
All the members swear the same oath between the hands of the president.
Source: http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/tennis_oath.html
In Class Prompt:
If the French Revolution was happening today, what would the grievances be? How would the goals be different? How would the goals be the same?
Homework Prompt:
Take a stand! Should the French start a Revolution? Why or why not? Support your side with moral, economic and social reasons.
BAILLY: I do not need to tell you in what a grievous situation the Assembly finds itself; I propose that we deliberate on what action to take under such tumultuous circumstances.
M. Mounier offers an opinion, seconded by Messieurs Target, Chapelier, and Barnave; he points out how strange it is that the hall of the Estates General should be occupied by armed men; that no other locale has been offered to the National Assembly; that its president was not forewarned by other means than letters from the Marquis de Brez? and the national representatives by public posters alone; that, finally, they were obliged to meet in the Tennis Court of Old Versailles street, so as not to interrupt their work; that wounded in their rights and heir dignity, warned of the intensity of intrigue and determination with which the king is pushed to disastrous measures, the representatives of the nation bind themselves to the public good and the interests of the fatherland with a solemn oath.
This proposal is approved by unanimous applause.
The Assembly quickly decrees the following:
The National Assembly, considering that it has been called to establish the constitution of the realm, to bring about the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; nothing may prevent it from continuing its deliberations in any place it is forced to establish itself; and, finally, the National Assembly exists wherever its members are gathered.
Decrees that all members of this assembly immediately take a solemn oath never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is established and fixed upon solid foundations; and that said oath having been sworn, all members and each one individually confirm this unwavering resolution with his signature.
Bailly: I demand that the secretaries and I swear the oath first; which they do immediately according to the following formula:
We swear never to separate ourselves from the National Assembly, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is drawn up and fixed upon solid foundations.
All the members swear the same oath between the hands of the president.
Source: http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/tennis_oath.html
In Class Prompt:
If the French Revolution was happening today, what would the grievances be? How would the goals be different? How would the goals be the same?
Homework Prompt:
Take a stand! Should the French start a Revolution? Why or why not? Support your side with moral, economic and social reasons.
Lesson 2
Picture of the Bastille
Painting of the Bastille
Diary Prompt:
You are a woman who is planning to storm the Bastille. Will you follow through with it? Why or why not? What are you seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting and feeling as the Bastille is stormed? Give as many details as possible and add your personality.
Speech:
Speech to the National Convention-
February 5, 1794:
The Terror Justified
Maximilian Robespierre
Between 1793 aurl 1794, France experienced the most radical phase of the revolution, known as the Reign of Terror. During this period France was essentially ruled by the twelve-member Committee of Public Safety elected by the National Convention every month. The outstanding member of this committee was Maximilian Robespierre (1758-1794), a provincial lawyer who rose within the Jacobin Club and gained a reputation for incorruptibility and superb oratory. Historians have argued over Robespierre, some singling him out as a bloodthirsty individual with the major responsibility for the executions during the Reign of Terror, others seeing him as a sincere, idealistic, effective revolutionary leader called to the fore by events of the time. In the following speech to the National Convention on February 5, 1794, Robespierre defines the revolution and justifies extreme actions, including terror, in its defense.
Consider: What Robespierre means when he argues that terror flows from virtue; how the use of terror relates to the essence of the revolution; how this speech might be interpreted as an Enlightenment attack on the Ancien Regime carried to its logical conclusion.
It is time to mark clearly the aim of the Revolution and the end toward which we wish to move; it is time to take stock of ourselves, of the obstacles which we still face, and of the means which we ought to adopt to attain our objectives....
What is the goal for which we strive? A peaceful enjoyment of liberty and equality, the rule of that eternal justice whose laws are engraved, not upon marble or stone, but in the hearts of all men.
We wish an order of things where all 1ow and cruel passions are enchained by the laws, all beneficent and generous feelings aroused; wlhere ambition is the desire to merit glory and to serve one's fatherland; where distinctions are born only of equality itself; where the citizen is subject to the magistrate, the magistrate to the people, the people to justice; where the nation safeguards the welfare of each individual, and each individual proudly enjoys the prosperity and glory of his fatherland; where all spirits are enlarged by the constant exchange of republican sentiments and by the need of earning the respect of a great people; where the arts are the adornment of liberty, which ennobles them; and where commerce is the source of public wealth, not simply of monstrous opulence for a few families.
In our country we wish to substitute morality for egotism, probity for honor, principles for conventions, duties for etiquette, the empire of reason for the tyranny of customs, contempt for vice for contempt for misfortune, pride for insolence, the love of honor for the love of money . . . that is to say, all the virtues and miracles of the Republic for all the vices and snobbishness of the monarchy.
We wish in a word to fulfill the requirements of nature, to accomplish the destiny of mankind, to make good the promises of philosophy . . . that France, hitherto illustrious among slave states, may eclipse the glory of all free peoples that have existed, become the model of all nations.... That is our ambition; that is our aim.
What kind of government can realize these marvels? Only a democratic government.... But to found and to consolidate among us this democracy, to realize the peaceable rule of constitutional laws, it is necessary to conclude the war of liberty against tyranny and to pass successfully through the storms of revolution. Such is the aim of the revolutionary system which you have set up....
Now what is the fundamental principle of democratic, or popular government- that is to say, the essential mainspring upon which it depends and which makes it function? It is virtue: I mean public virtue . .that virtue is nothing else but love of fatherland and its laws....
The splendor of the goal of the French Revolution is simultaneously the source of our strength and of our weakness: our strength, because it gives us an ascendancy of truth over falsehood, and of public rights over private interests; our weakness, because it rallies against us all vicious men, all those who in their hearts seek to despoil the people.... It is necessary to stifle the domestic and foreign enemies of the Republic or perish with them. Now in these circumstances, the first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.
If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror: virtue without which terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then, from virtue.
Source:
http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/frrevdocuments.html
You are a woman who is planning to storm the Bastille. Will you follow through with it? Why or why not? What are you seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting and feeling as the Bastille is stormed? Give as many details as possible and add your personality.
Speech:
Speech to the National Convention-
February 5, 1794:
The Terror Justified
Maximilian Robespierre
Between 1793 aurl 1794, France experienced the most radical phase of the revolution, known as the Reign of Terror. During this period France was essentially ruled by the twelve-member Committee of Public Safety elected by the National Convention every month. The outstanding member of this committee was Maximilian Robespierre (1758-1794), a provincial lawyer who rose within the Jacobin Club and gained a reputation for incorruptibility and superb oratory. Historians have argued over Robespierre, some singling him out as a bloodthirsty individual with the major responsibility for the executions during the Reign of Terror, others seeing him as a sincere, idealistic, effective revolutionary leader called to the fore by events of the time. In the following speech to the National Convention on February 5, 1794, Robespierre defines the revolution and justifies extreme actions, including terror, in its defense.
Consider: What Robespierre means when he argues that terror flows from virtue; how the use of terror relates to the essence of the revolution; how this speech might be interpreted as an Enlightenment attack on the Ancien Regime carried to its logical conclusion.
It is time to mark clearly the aim of the Revolution and the end toward which we wish to move; it is time to take stock of ourselves, of the obstacles which we still face, and of the means which we ought to adopt to attain our objectives....
What is the goal for which we strive? A peaceful enjoyment of liberty and equality, the rule of that eternal justice whose laws are engraved, not upon marble or stone, but in the hearts of all men.
We wish an order of things where all 1ow and cruel passions are enchained by the laws, all beneficent and generous feelings aroused; wlhere ambition is the desire to merit glory and to serve one's fatherland; where distinctions are born only of equality itself; where the citizen is subject to the magistrate, the magistrate to the people, the people to justice; where the nation safeguards the welfare of each individual, and each individual proudly enjoys the prosperity and glory of his fatherland; where all spirits are enlarged by the constant exchange of republican sentiments and by the need of earning the respect of a great people; where the arts are the adornment of liberty, which ennobles them; and where commerce is the source of public wealth, not simply of monstrous opulence for a few families.
In our country we wish to substitute morality for egotism, probity for honor, principles for conventions, duties for etiquette, the empire of reason for the tyranny of customs, contempt for vice for contempt for misfortune, pride for insolence, the love of honor for the love of money . . . that is to say, all the virtues and miracles of the Republic for all the vices and snobbishness of the monarchy.
We wish in a word to fulfill the requirements of nature, to accomplish the destiny of mankind, to make good the promises of philosophy . . . that France, hitherto illustrious among slave states, may eclipse the glory of all free peoples that have existed, become the model of all nations.... That is our ambition; that is our aim.
What kind of government can realize these marvels? Only a democratic government.... But to found and to consolidate among us this democracy, to realize the peaceable rule of constitutional laws, it is necessary to conclude the war of liberty against tyranny and to pass successfully through the storms of revolution. Such is the aim of the revolutionary system which you have set up....
Now what is the fundamental principle of democratic, or popular government- that is to say, the essential mainspring upon which it depends and which makes it function? It is virtue: I mean public virtue . .that virtue is nothing else but love of fatherland and its laws....
The splendor of the goal of the French Revolution is simultaneously the source of our strength and of our weakness: our strength, because it gives us an ascendancy of truth over falsehood, and of public rights over private interests; our weakness, because it rallies against us all vicious men, all those who in their hearts seek to despoil the people.... It is necessary to stifle the domestic and foreign enemies of the Republic or perish with them. Now in these circumstances, the first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.
If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror: virtue without which terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then, from virtue.
Source:
http://www.thecaveonline.com/APEH/frrevdocuments.html
Lesson 3
Revolution Timeline:
Revolution Timeline:
1789
• January 24: Summoning of the States-General
• May 5: Meeting of the States-General
• June 17: National Assembly declared
• June 20: Tennis Court Oath
• July 9: National Constituent Assembly declared
• July 11: Necker dismissed
• July 14: Storming of the Bastille
• August 4: Surrender of feudal rights
• August 27: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
• October 5-6: Outbreak of the Paris mob; Liberal monarchical constitution
1790
• July 14: Constitution accepted by King Louis XVI
• July -- : Growing power of the clubs (including: Cordeliers, Jacobin Club)
• July -- : Reorganisation of Paris
• September: Fall of Necker
1791
• April 2: Death of Mirabeau
• June 20-25: Flight to Varennes of the royal family
• July 17: Champ-de-Mars massacre
• September 30: Dissolution of the National Constituent Assembly
• October 1: Legislative Assembly meets
• August 27: Declaration of Pillnitz ( Frederick William II and Leopold II)
1792
• February 7: Alliance of Austria and Prussia
• April 20: French declare war against Austria
• August 10: Storming of the Tuileries Palace. Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody
• September 2-7: The September Massacres
• September 20: Battle of Valmy
• September 21: National Convention meets; Abolition of the monarchy
• December: Trial of Louis XVI before the Convention
1793
• January 21: Execution of Louis XVI
• February 1: War declared against Britain, Holland, Spain
• March -- : Royalist revolt in the Vendée
• April -- : Power centered in the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security
• June 2: Arrest of 31 Girondist deputies
• July 13: Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
• August 23: Levy of entire male population
• September 17: Passing of the Law of Maximum Général: a comprehensive program of wage and price controls
• October 16: Execution of Marie Antoinette
• October 31: Execution of Girondists
• November 10: Abolition of the worship of god: Cult of Reason
• December -- : Retreat of the allies across the Rhine
1794
• January 19 : English land in Corsica
• February 4 : Abolition of slavery in colonies
• March 24 : Execution of the Hébertists
• April 6 : Execution of the Dantonists
• June 8 : Festival of the Supreme Being
• June 10 : Law of 22 Prairial (power to the Revolutionary Tribunal)
• June 26 : Battle of Fleurus (1794) (French victory in Belgium)
• July 27 : Fall of Maximilien Robespierre (9 Thermidor)
• December 24 : Repeal of maximum
1795
• March 5 : Treaty of Basel (Prussia withdraws from war)
• April 1 : Bread riots in Paris
• June 8 : Death of the dauphin ( Louis XVII)
• August 22 : Constitution of 1795
• October 5 : Napoleon's "whiff of grape-shot"
• October 26 : Convention dissolved; Directory begins
1796
• March 5 : War against the Holy Roman Empire
• March 9 Marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte and Josephine
• May 10 Battle of Lodi (Napoleon in Italy)
• July Siege of Mantua
1797
• April 18 Preliminary Peace of Leoben
• July 8 : Cisalpine Republic established
• September 4 : Coup d'Etat at Paris (republicans over reactionaries)
• October 17 : Treaty of Campo Formio
1798
• February -- : Roman Republic proclaimed
• April -- : Helvetian Republic proclaimed
• July 21 : Battle of the Pyramids
• August 1 : Battle of the Nile
• December 24 : Alliance between Russia and Britain
1799 - Beginning of the Napoleonic Era
• June 17-19 : Battle of the Trebia (Suvorov defeats French)
• August 24 : Napoleon leaves Egypt
• October 22 : Russians withdraw from coalition
• November 9 : The Coup d'Etat of Brumaire (18 Brumaire): end of the Directory
* December 24 : Constitution of the Year VIII: Dictatorship of Napoleon established under the Consulate
Source: http://www.bonjourlafrance.com/france-facts/france-history/timeline-french-revolution.htm
Interactive Marie Antoinette Timeline
Source: http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/Marie-Antoinette
Marie Antoinette with Children:
Revolution Timeline:
1789
• January 24: Summoning of the States-General
• May 5: Meeting of the States-General
• June 17: National Assembly declared
• June 20: Tennis Court Oath
• July 9: National Constituent Assembly declared
• July 11: Necker dismissed
• July 14: Storming of the Bastille
• August 4: Surrender of feudal rights
• August 27: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
• October 5-6: Outbreak of the Paris mob; Liberal monarchical constitution
1790
• July 14: Constitution accepted by King Louis XVI
• July -- : Growing power of the clubs (including: Cordeliers, Jacobin Club)
• July -- : Reorganisation of Paris
• September: Fall of Necker
1791
• April 2: Death of Mirabeau
• June 20-25: Flight to Varennes of the royal family
• July 17: Champ-de-Mars massacre
• September 30: Dissolution of the National Constituent Assembly
• October 1: Legislative Assembly meets
• August 27: Declaration of Pillnitz ( Frederick William II and Leopold II)
1792
• February 7: Alliance of Austria and Prussia
• April 20: French declare war against Austria
• August 10: Storming of the Tuileries Palace. Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody
• September 2-7: The September Massacres
• September 20: Battle of Valmy
• September 21: National Convention meets; Abolition of the monarchy
• December: Trial of Louis XVI before the Convention
1793
• January 21: Execution of Louis XVI
• February 1: War declared against Britain, Holland, Spain
• March -- : Royalist revolt in the Vendée
• April -- : Power centered in the Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security
• June 2: Arrest of 31 Girondist deputies
• July 13: Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
• August 23: Levy of entire male population
• September 17: Passing of the Law of Maximum Général: a comprehensive program of wage and price controls
• October 16: Execution of Marie Antoinette
• October 31: Execution of Girondists
• November 10: Abolition of the worship of god: Cult of Reason
• December -- : Retreat of the allies across the Rhine
1794
• January 19 : English land in Corsica
• February 4 : Abolition of slavery in colonies
• March 24 : Execution of the Hébertists
• April 6 : Execution of the Dantonists
• June 8 : Festival of the Supreme Being
• June 10 : Law of 22 Prairial (power to the Revolutionary Tribunal)
• June 26 : Battle of Fleurus (1794) (French victory in Belgium)
• July 27 : Fall of Maximilien Robespierre (9 Thermidor)
• December 24 : Repeal of maximum
1795
• March 5 : Treaty of Basel (Prussia withdraws from war)
• April 1 : Bread riots in Paris
• June 8 : Death of the dauphin ( Louis XVII)
• August 22 : Constitution of 1795
• October 5 : Napoleon's "whiff of grape-shot"
• October 26 : Convention dissolved; Directory begins
1796
• March 5 : War against the Holy Roman Empire
• March 9 Marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte and Josephine
• May 10 Battle of Lodi (Napoleon in Italy)
• July Siege of Mantua
1797
• April 18 Preliminary Peace of Leoben
• July 8 : Cisalpine Republic established
• September 4 : Coup d'Etat at Paris (republicans over reactionaries)
• October 17 : Treaty of Campo Formio
1798
• February -- : Roman Republic proclaimed
• April -- : Helvetian Republic proclaimed
• July 21 : Battle of the Pyramids
• August 1 : Battle of the Nile
• December 24 : Alliance between Russia and Britain
1799 - Beginning of the Napoleonic Era
• June 17-19 : Battle of the Trebia (Suvorov defeats French)
• August 24 : Napoleon leaves Egypt
• October 22 : Russians withdraw from coalition
• November 9 : The Coup d'Etat of Brumaire (18 Brumaire): end of the Directory
* December 24 : Constitution of the Year VIII: Dictatorship of Napoleon established under the Consulate
Source: http://www.bonjourlafrance.com/france-facts/france-history/timeline-french-revolution.htm
Interactive Marie Antoinette Timeline
Source: http://www.xtimeline.com/timeline/Marie-Antoinette
Marie Antoinette with Children:
Link to Video of Party and Fashion:
Link to Prezi:
new_revolution.pptx | |
File Size: | 222 kb |
File Type: | pptx |
List of stereotypical groups on the board:
Jocks=soldiers
Popular Kids=wealthy elite
Nerds=legislatures
Band Geeks=court musicians
Punks=bourgeoisie
Cheerleaders=ladies in waiting to Marie Antoinette
"Younger Siblings" = peasants
Jocks=soldiers
Popular Kids=wealthy elite
Nerds=legislatures
Band Geeks=court musicians
Punks=bourgeoisie
Cheerleaders=ladies in waiting to Marie Antoinette
"Younger Siblings" = peasants
Lesson 4
Video of Marie Antoinette:
Biography of Robespierre:
Maximilien de Robespierre was the leading voice of the government that ruled France during the French Revolution. He was largely responsible for the Reign of Terror, in which thousands of suspected French traitors were executed.
Early life
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was born on May 6, 1758, in Arras, France. His mother died when he was only six and his father, a lawyer, abandoned the family soon afterward. Robespierre received a law degree from the Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris, France, and practiced law in Arras. He began to assume a public role as a voice calling for political change and wrote articles detailing his opinions. At age thirty he was elected to the Estates General, the French legislature.
Role in early revolution
During the first period of the French Revolution (1789–91), in which the Estates General became the National Assembly, Robespierre made many speeches. His ideas were seen as extreme: his belief in civil liberty and equality, his refusal to compromise, and his anger toward all authority won him little support in the legislature. He favored giving the vote to all men, not just property owners, and he opposed slavery in the colonies. Robespierre was more popular at meetings of a Paris club called the Jacobins, whose members admired him and referred to him as "the Incorruptible" because of his honesty and firm sense of right and wrong.
When Robespierre's term as a legislator ended in September 1791, Robespierre remained in Paris, spending time at the Jacobins and publishing a weekly political journal. During this period he was a critic of King Louis XVI (1754–1793) and those who supported a limited, constitutional monarchy (rule by a single person). Robespierre, deeply suspicious of the king, spoke and wrote in opposition to the course of events until August 1792, when the monarchy was overthrown and the First French Republic was established.
Period in power
A group of representatives was quickly elected to draft a constitution and to govern the country in the meantime, and Robespierre was elected to attend. As a spokesman for the Jacobins in the National Convention, he was a harsh critic of the king, who was finally placed on trial, convicted, and executed in January 1793. In the months that followed Robespierre turned his anger on a group of moderates (those who prefer less abrupt change) called the Girondins, leading the effort to have their members removed from the convention, arrested, and executed.
In July 1793 Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety, which acted to protect the republic during the dual problems of foreign war (most of Europe was fighting against the Revolutionary government in France) and civil war (which threatened to bring down that government). It executed people who were suspected of supporting the king or making plans to take over the government. Thousands were put to death with a quick trial or no trial at all. This became known as the Reign of Terror.
Robespierre faced increased opposition on both sides. Included among these were the Hébertists, a group that controlled the Paris city government and was upset with wartime shortages and increased prices, and the Indulgents, moderate Jacobins who felt that the Reign of Terror should be relaxed since the war had ended. Robespierre had leaders of both groups rounded up and executed, including Georges Jacques Danton (1759–1794), who had once been a close associate of his. Robespierre and his supporters claimed that they wanted to create a Republic of Virtue in which citizens would live honest, moral lives and serve the community.
Downfall and execution
Opposition to Robespierre continued to grow. More and more of the public, now that the military crisis was over, wanted a relaxation, not an increase, of the terror. In July 1794 Robespierre spoke for the need of the Committee of Public Safety to continue its activities. His opponents took a stand against him and on July 27 they voted for his arrest. He and his followers were quickly released, however, and they gathered to plan a rising of their own. But the opposition leaders rallied their forces; Robespierre and his supporters were captured that night and executed the next day. The period of the Thermidorian Reaction, during which the Terror was ended and France returned to a more moderate government, began with the deaths of Robespierre and his supporters.
Source: http://www.notablebiographies.com/Pu-Ro/Robespierre-Maximilien-de.html#b#ixzz2DBRfsxzG
Biography of Marie Therese:
Madame Royale
ELDEST DAUGHTER OF LOUIS XVI (1778-1851)
Born in Versailles, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de France, called “Madame Royale”, was the first child of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. After spending her childhood in the court, she was the only one of the royal children to survive the French Revolution. Condemned by the revolutionaries and then sent into exile, the heiress to the throne, who became Dauphine de France in 1824, remained attached to the monarchy until the end of her life.
Madame Royale, or “Mousseline” as her mother Marie-Antoinette called her, was baptised on the day of her birth in 1778 in the chapel of the Château de Versailles. Several years later, in 1793, her parents were guillotined by the Revolutionaries. Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was not executed but imprisoned. During her adolescence, she learned in her cell of the death of her aunt, Madame Elisabeth, the king’s sister, as well as that of her brother Louis. In 1795 the Austrian army secured her release. The orphan princess lived thereafter in Vienna at the court of the emperor Francis II. In 1799 she travelled to Latvia to marry her cousin Louis Antoine d’Artois, son of the future Charles X, brother of Louis XVI, and thus became duchesse d’Angoulême. Her return to France was finally made possible in 1814 when the monarchy was restored. Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, ascended the throne. In 1824, on his death, his younger brother succeeded him as Charles X. Louis Antoine d’Artois was then declared the Dauphin and Madame Royale became Dauphine de France, after her long years of exile. But her respite was short-lived. The Revolution of 1830 inaugurated the July Monarchy and it was the Orléans branch that took the reins of power with Louis-Philippe as king. The duchesse d’Angoulême, a legitimist, once more went into exile beyond the kingdom’s frontiers. On the death of Charles X in 1836, she became “Queen of France and Navarre” for the clan of legitimists who contested the reign of Louis-Philippe. In 1851, two months before the coup d’état of the President of the Second Republic Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the future Napoléon III, the duchesse d’Angoulême died near Vienna, she who had ardently defended the monarchy against Napoléon Bonaparte in 1815.
Source: http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/court-people/louis-xvi-time/madame-royale
Homework Prompt:
Write a paragraph from the point of view of Marie-Therese or Robespierre. How would they have viewed the Reign of Terror? What was their role in the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien de Robespierre was the leading voice of the government that ruled France during the French Revolution. He was largely responsible for the Reign of Terror, in which thousands of suspected French traitors were executed.
Early life
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was born on May 6, 1758, in Arras, France. His mother died when he was only six and his father, a lawyer, abandoned the family soon afterward. Robespierre received a law degree from the Collège Louis-le-Grand in Paris, France, and practiced law in Arras. He began to assume a public role as a voice calling for political change and wrote articles detailing his opinions. At age thirty he was elected to the Estates General, the French legislature.
Role in early revolution
During the first period of the French Revolution (1789–91), in which the Estates General became the National Assembly, Robespierre made many speeches. His ideas were seen as extreme: his belief in civil liberty and equality, his refusal to compromise, and his anger toward all authority won him little support in the legislature. He favored giving the vote to all men, not just property owners, and he opposed slavery in the colonies. Robespierre was more popular at meetings of a Paris club called the Jacobins, whose members admired him and referred to him as "the Incorruptible" because of his honesty and firm sense of right and wrong.
When Robespierre's term as a legislator ended in September 1791, Robespierre remained in Paris, spending time at the Jacobins and publishing a weekly political journal. During this period he was a critic of King Louis XVI (1754–1793) and those who supported a limited, constitutional monarchy (rule by a single person). Robespierre, deeply suspicious of the king, spoke and wrote in opposition to the course of events until August 1792, when the monarchy was overthrown and the First French Republic was established.
Period in power
A group of representatives was quickly elected to draft a constitution and to govern the country in the meantime, and Robespierre was elected to attend. As a spokesman for the Jacobins in the National Convention, he was a harsh critic of the king, who was finally placed on trial, convicted, and executed in January 1793. In the months that followed Robespierre turned his anger on a group of moderates (those who prefer less abrupt change) called the Girondins, leading the effort to have their members removed from the convention, arrested, and executed.
In July 1793 Robespierre was elected to the Committee of Public Safety, which acted to protect the republic during the dual problems of foreign war (most of Europe was fighting against the Revolutionary government in France) and civil war (which threatened to bring down that government). It executed people who were suspected of supporting the king or making plans to take over the government. Thousands were put to death with a quick trial or no trial at all. This became known as the Reign of Terror.
Robespierre faced increased opposition on both sides. Included among these were the Hébertists, a group that controlled the Paris city government and was upset with wartime shortages and increased prices, and the Indulgents, moderate Jacobins who felt that the Reign of Terror should be relaxed since the war had ended. Robespierre had leaders of both groups rounded up and executed, including Georges Jacques Danton (1759–1794), who had once been a close associate of his. Robespierre and his supporters claimed that they wanted to create a Republic of Virtue in which citizens would live honest, moral lives and serve the community.
Downfall and execution
Opposition to Robespierre continued to grow. More and more of the public, now that the military crisis was over, wanted a relaxation, not an increase, of the terror. In July 1794 Robespierre spoke for the need of the Committee of Public Safety to continue its activities. His opponents took a stand against him and on July 27 they voted for his arrest. He and his followers were quickly released, however, and they gathered to plan a rising of their own. But the opposition leaders rallied their forces; Robespierre and his supporters were captured that night and executed the next day. The period of the Thermidorian Reaction, during which the Terror was ended and France returned to a more moderate government, began with the deaths of Robespierre and his supporters.
Source: http://www.notablebiographies.com/Pu-Ro/Robespierre-Maximilien-de.html#b#ixzz2DBRfsxzG
Biography of Marie Therese:
Madame Royale
ELDEST DAUGHTER OF LOUIS XVI (1778-1851)
Born in Versailles, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte de France, called “Madame Royale”, was the first child of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. After spending her childhood in the court, she was the only one of the royal children to survive the French Revolution. Condemned by the revolutionaries and then sent into exile, the heiress to the throne, who became Dauphine de France in 1824, remained attached to the monarchy until the end of her life.
Madame Royale, or “Mousseline” as her mother Marie-Antoinette called her, was baptised on the day of her birth in 1778 in the chapel of the Château de Versailles. Several years later, in 1793, her parents were guillotined by the Revolutionaries. Marie-Thérèse Charlotte was not executed but imprisoned. During her adolescence, she learned in her cell of the death of her aunt, Madame Elisabeth, the king’s sister, as well as that of her brother Louis. In 1795 the Austrian army secured her release. The orphan princess lived thereafter in Vienna at the court of the emperor Francis II. In 1799 she travelled to Latvia to marry her cousin Louis Antoine d’Artois, son of the future Charles X, brother of Louis XVI, and thus became duchesse d’Angoulême. Her return to France was finally made possible in 1814 when the monarchy was restored. Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, ascended the throne. In 1824, on his death, his younger brother succeeded him as Charles X. Louis Antoine d’Artois was then declared the Dauphin and Madame Royale became Dauphine de France, after her long years of exile. But her respite was short-lived. The Revolution of 1830 inaugurated the July Monarchy and it was the Orléans branch that took the reins of power with Louis-Philippe as king. The duchesse d’Angoulême, a legitimist, once more went into exile beyond the kingdom’s frontiers. On the death of Charles X in 1836, she became “Queen of France and Navarre” for the clan of legitimists who contested the reign of Louis-Philippe. In 1851, two months before the coup d’état of the President of the Second Republic Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, the future Napoléon III, the duchesse d’Angoulême died near Vienna, she who had ardently defended the monarchy against Napoléon Bonaparte in 1815.
Source: http://en.chateauversailles.fr/history/court-people/louis-xvi-time/madame-royale
Homework Prompt:
Write a paragraph from the point of view of Marie-Therese or Robespierre. How would they have viewed the Reign of Terror? What was their role in the Reign of Terror?
Link to Prezi: